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Space Digest Sun, 25 Jul 93 Volume 16 : Issue 918
Today's Topics:
SPACE TRIVIA LIST - 24th July 1993 [Part 1]
Welcome to the Space Digest!! Please send your messages to
"space@isu.isunet.edu", and (un)subscription requests of the form
"Subscribe Space <your name>" to one of these addresses: listserv@uga
(BITNET), rice::boyle (SPAN/NSInet), utadnx::utspan::rice::boyle
(THENET), or space-REQUEST@isu.isunet.edu (Internet).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sat, 24 Jul 1993 19:50:47 GMT
From: Luke Plaizier <lukpla@scorch.apana.org.au>
Subject: SPACE TRIVIA LIST - 24th July 1993 [Part 1]
Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.space.shuttle,sci.astro,rec.radio.amateur.space
PLEASE SUBMIT YOUR TRIVIA TO THIS LIST! ANY ITEM AT LEAST REMOTELY
RELATED TO SPACE IN ANY WAY IS APPROPRIATE FOR THIS LIST!
Well bugger it, I'm combining the update in with the trivia list so I
only have to post one file. We've got a couple of those Kettering Trivia
items, so this week we're posting to radio.amateur.space group as well. Just
this once though, unless we can get some more amateur radio trivia...
We've rattled the English magazine Space Flight News and come up with
quite a few new items. The number we have produced, and collected from
submissions since the last post, have just about doubled the size of the
list. I'm not sure if we can keep this pace up, but it would be nice if
we could.
Our local NSS chapter is going on a Trivia collection crusade, so if
there is any one else who makes a submission from an NSS chapter, please
let us know because we'd like to know what chapter you are from.
Greetings to those who have submitted, and also Ray Dodds. You won't
believe the size of this one Ray!
*****************************************************************************
Changes to July 24th Posting:
Trivia: 1a, 20a, 36a, 36b, 37a, 41, 43a, 53..114
Rumors: 5
Speculation/Questions: 5..10
*****************************************************************************
#################################
# #
# SPACE TRIVIA LIST #
# #
#################################
Masterminded by:- THE NEWCASTLE SPACE FRONTIER SOCIETY
Temporarily Moderated by:- Luke Plaizier
PLEASE DIRECT YOUR SUBMISSIONS TO:-
EMAIL: lukpla@scorch.apana.org.au
snail mail: Luke Plaizier
c/o Newcastle Space
Frontier Society
PO Box 1150
Newcastle NSW
Australia 2300
Direct Voice: International - 61-49-54-7454
Inside Australia - 049-54-7454
Answering Machine - 61-49-63-5037
*****************************************************************************
This is the list of Trivia information recorded in just over 25 years
of human activity in space. In no way is this an official list of events nor
is it guaranteed that all information included in this file is accurate or
true.
This file has come about due to the happy donations of time and
information of people on the internet located at various sites world wide,
and represents a collection of information that many of them have either
found interesting themselves, or would otherwise believe that other people
might find interesting.
The MOST important thing about this is that we'd like it to be built
by the input of many people, so if you can
PLEASE DONATE SOME TRIVIA AND WE WILL ENDEAVOUR TO ENSURE THAT IT
IS INCLUDED IN THIS FILE.
Submission details are included in the trailer to this list.
*****************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************
* *
* SPACE TRIVIA - Interesting Trivia Information on Manned and Unmanned*
* Spaceflight from anywhere around the Globe. *
* *
*****************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************
(1) Even though Yuri Gagarin, on the first manned spaceflight, ejected
from his Vostok capsule just before landing, the official Soviet
report said otherwise for fear that the rest of the world might
not recognise the mission as a complete success.
(1a) The Federation Aeronautic International, the governing body for
aerospace records has rules specificially stating that the pilot
must be in control of the craft from take-off to landing. Vostok
cosmonauts ejecting clearly violated the rule so it was hidden.
See my book "Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight" for details.
Available from Zenith Books 800-826-6600.
[From dennisn@ecs.comm.mot.com]
(2) Radio frequencies in interstellar space between 1420 and 1720 MHz
are known as 'the water hole', as it is thought that alien
civilisations might converge and commune in radio frequencies
in this band of 300MHz. (1420 = Emission line of neutral
Hydrogen, 1720=same for Hydroxyl and together these two make
water.) [BIS, SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 35, No. 4]
(3) In one day, SETI searchers at Puerto Rico and California, using
the new Targeted Search's Multi Channel Spectral Analyzer,
sifted through more information than had been collected on all
previous SETI efforts combined.
[BIS, SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 35, No. 4]
(4) Silicon Engine's new Targeted Search's Multi Channel Spectrum
Analyzer, developed for a 10 year NASA-funded SETI, is capable
if listening in on some 15million frequency channels, some
with a bandwidth of as little as 1Hz.
[BIS, SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 35, No. 4]
(5) The engines of the escape tower on the Apollo moon missions (on top of
the mighty Saturn V) were more powerful than the entire Redstone
launcher that put the first American into sub-orbital space.
[Paul.Keinanen@Telebox.tele.fi, steven@spri.levels.unisa.edu.au]
(5a) The Apollo LES (Launch Escape System) thrust was 654 kN, while the
Mercury-Redstone thrust was 347 kN. The Apollo CM mass was about 5800
kg and the LES mass was 4000 kg or about 10000 kg combined. The
accelleration would be about 65 m/s/s or about 6.5 G. As the maximum
accelleration during ascent for Apollo-Saturn V was about 4 G,
the CM+LES combination could still be separated, even if
the Saturn V engines would still be running at full thrust.
(5b) The engines on the Launch Escape Tower (LES) of the Saturn V are
indeed more powerful than the engines used on the Mercury-Redstone
booster. From [1], the LES has a thrust of at least 654 kN (147 klbf)
(Another figure of 689 kN (155 klbf) is also mentioned in [1]. The lower
figure may be the total downwards thrust since the engines have to
point at an angle to avoid burning up the Command Module if used.)
The Mercury-Redstone has a thrust of 347 kN (78 klbf) [2].
[1] M. Wilson, "Moon landing," Flight International, pp. 208-221,
6 Feb. 1969.
[2] K. Gatland, "The illustrated encyclopedia of space technology,"
Landsdowne Press, Sydney, 1981.
(6) March 19, 1959
"The Dept. of Defense announces that three atomic blasts were
detonated in space during 1958 as part of Project Argus using modified
X-17 rockets."
[-Eugene Emme, ed., _Aeronautics and Astronautics, p. 107.]
(7) Hey, I don't know if you'll include this in your list of trivia but
it surely is amusing. After each launch countries are required by
treaty to announce the launch. There are no requirements about what
the contents of the announcement are. Shown below is a Chinese
announcement from 1975. It is mostly propaganda. Did you know that
launching a satellite refutes Confucius?
(Actual transcript has been shortened for space considerations.)
((TEXT) PEKING, DECEMBER 17, 1975 (HSINHUA) -- CHINA
SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHED ANOTHER MAN-MADE EARTH SATELLITE ON
DECEMBER 16, 1975, UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF CHAIRMAN MAO'S
REVOLUTIONARY LINE, ON THE BASIS OF THE VICTORY IN THE
GREAT PROLETRAIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION AND THE MOVEMENT
TO CRITICIZE LIN PIAO AND CONFUCIUS, AND IN THE EXCELLENT
SITUATION CHARACTERIZED BY CONSISTENT NEW VICTORIES IN
THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION AND SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION.
THE SATELLITE IS FUNCTIONING NORMALLY.
THE SUCCESSFUL LAUNCHING OF THE SATELLITE IS A NEW
ACHIEVEMENT MADE BY THE PEOPLE OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY,
UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE
HEADED BY THE GREAT LEADER CHAIRMAN MAO, IN TAKING CLASS
STRUGGLE AS THE KEY LINK, CONTINUOUSLY CONSOLIDATING
AND DEVELOPING THE FRUITS OF THE GREAT PROLETARIAN
CULTURAL REVOLUTION, AND FIRMLY CARRYING OUT THE SERIES
OF IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS OF CHAIRMAN MAO'S INCLUDING
THOSE ON STUDYING THE THEORY AND COMBATING AND PREVENTING
REVISIONISM, ON PROMOTING STABILITY AND UNITY AND ON
PUSHING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY FORWARD. IT IS A FRESH
SUCCESS ACHIEVED BY ADHERING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF
INDEPENDENCE AND SELF-RELIANCE, BRINGING INTO FULL PLAY
THE INITIATIVE OF BOTH THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES,
UNIFYING PLANNING, WORKING ENGERGETICALLY IN CLOSE
COORDINATION, WAGING A UNITED STRUGGLE AND GRASPING
REVOLUTION, PROMOTING PRODUCTION AND OTHER WORK AND
PREPAREDNESS AGAINST WAR.
THE CENTRAL COMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA,
THE STATE COUNCIL AND THE MILITARY COMMISSION OF THE
CCP CENTRAL COMMITEE EXTEND WARM CONGRATULATIONS
TO THE WORKERS, COMMANDERS AND FIGHTERS OF THE PEOPLE'S
LIBERATION ARMY, SCIENTIFIC WORKERS, ENGINEERS AND
TECHNICIANS, REVOLUTIONARY CADRES AND MILITIAMEN WHO
HAVE BEEN ENGAGED IN THE RESEARCH, MANUFACTURE AND LAUNCHING
OF THE SATELLITE AND OTHER PEOPLE CONCERNED. 170110 UTT NY 17/O1224Z
(8) Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, the first men on the moon, almost
crashed onto the lunar surface. The Eagle's descent engine had
about 10 seconds of fuel left when they landed.
[From yantosca@bu.edu]
(8a) "The Eagle had landed on a countdown to abort, primarily because
propellants were sloshing away from intakes and meters, giving off
readings that the ship had entered the dead-man zone with its tanks
running dry."
[Submitted by davem@ee.ubc.ca, clarifying that although correct at
the time, post-flight analysis uncovered this problem, meaning
incorrect readings from the meters. ]
(9) The maiden launch of the first Space Shuttle, "Columbia", occurred
on April 12, 1981, 20 years to the day of Yuri Gagarin's "Vostok"
flight.
[From yantosca@bu.edu]
(10) In 1963, the Soviet Union tried to launch a rocket (from Baikonur??)
but the main engine didn't fire. Several technicians were dispatched
to the launch pad to correct the problem, under the command of an
engineer/officer whose last name was Nedelin. Somehow, the
second stage engine fired, causing a massive explosion while the men
were still on the launch pad. It is estimated that more than 100 of
the Soviet Union's best rocket engineers and technicians (including
Nidelin) perished on that day. Ironically, there was one survivor;
he ducked into a fireproof box on the launch pad to smoke a cigarette
and was shielded from the blast. The loss of so many engineers and
technicians was a serious setback to the Soviet Space program; this
may have been one of the reasons why the Soviets did not reach the
Moon before NASA did.
[ From yantosca@bu.edu, sourced from "AIR & SPACE / Smithsonian"]
(10a) The best account to date is in Rabochna Ya Tribuna, Dec. 6, 1990, p.4
"Top Secret: Explosion at Baykonur Cosmodrome: Only after 30 years are
we learning the truth about the death of Marshal Nedelin and a large
group of rocket speciallists", FBIS-UPS-91-002 from NTIS.
The author says numbers are still not known but range from 165
to 200 deaths. Happened Oct. 24 1960, Nedelin was the head of the
Strategic Rocket Forces (all ICBM's, launch crews, etc..). More than
one person survived, the rumor of the one survivor is that it was
Cheif Designer S Korolev, but this is unlikely. But it was not
his rocket design and he should have had no reason to be there. The
cause is speculated to be the failure of circuit isolation during
electrical testing actually sent the signal for the 2nd stage of the
SS-7 to fire after repairs were made. The reference above has a good
account of the fire by a man who was blown 30 meters by the blast
and survived. Flim of the fire is available.
*NOTE: We'd like to thank the poster of this submission for his quick
response for our request for more information.
(11) This is actually several combined into one, as they are from the
same source. They are fact, but the exact source is unknown at
the moment. Could the owner please step forward?
(a) 2 SSME's could generate as much power as that used by a NIMITZ class
aircraft carrier.
(b) The Fuel and hydrogen pumps of 3 SSME's combined could generate as much
power as that used by the battleship IOWA plus 12 ETHAN class
submarines.
(c) One SSME has enough thrust for 2.5 Boeing 747's.
(d) The combustion in 3 SSME's combined, to make one shuttle flight
system, releases more energy than the combined nuclear
power plants of 9 non-US countries. (but which ones?)
(e) The turbo-pumps on the SSME rotate at 37,000 rpm. Formula One
engines can rotate at up to 15,000 rpm. A standard 1990's
vintage motor vehicle is very lucky to rev to 10,000rpm.
(12) The LOX turbopumps on the F-1 engines of the Saturn V booster delivered
24,811 gallons of LOX per minute. They could have filled a swimming
pool 25 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 6 feet deep in about 27 seconds.
(In metric, the pumping rate is about 94,000 liters per minute, and the
example swimming pool is 7 meters long, 3 meters wide, and 2 meters
deep. The 27 seconds stays the same.)
[ Source: "Apollo: The Race To The Moon", Charles Murray and Catherine
Bly Cox, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1989, ISBN 0-671-61101-1,
submitted by gbt@zia.cray.com ]
(13) (This one is specific to 1993) Although june 21, the summer solstace
in the Northern hemisphere is the longest period of daylight, July 1
was the longest day of the year worldwide! That is because at
Z 00.00 (midnight world standard time) a leap second was added making
July 1 24h00m01s long.....the longest day of the year!
[ jbear@telerama.pgh.pa.us ]
(14) Astronaut charm school included teaching the boys what socks to wear
with which pants and shoes.
[mark.blevis@qmail.dgrc.doc.ca]
(15) After the first spacewalk, the Voshkod capsule carrying Alexei Leonov
and Pavel Belyayev went off course and came down in the middle of a
forest in Siberia. The two cosmonauts spent the night waiting for
rescue in the snow, huddled around a fire in their spacesuits,
listening nervously to wolves howling in the woods around them.
[Reference: Several sources, notable James Oberg's `Red Star in Orbit'
From alien@acheron.amigans.gen.nz]
(16) "A typical Perseid meteoroid that produces a visible meteor of
magnitude 2.5 has a mass of around *2.5 milligrams* and a velocity of
order *60 kilometres per second*. Such a meteoroid would inflict
severe damage - a crater of 5 cm diameter has been estimated - if it
struck an artificial satellite."
[RANDALLJC@UK.AC.PORTSMOUTH.CSOVAX]
(17) The Apollo 13 moon mission was launched precisely on schedule, 13:13
Houston time, April 11, 1970. On April 13th, en-route to the moon,
an oxygen tank in the service module exploded. The crew got home
safely thanks to the consumables and propulsion of the LM, and the
ingenuity of ground controllers in improvising LM lifeboat procedures.
The S-IVB stage which boosted the mission into translunar trajectory
was delivered to Kennedy Space Center on June 13, 1969--Friday.
[Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, NASA SP-350, Chapter 13; Stages to
Saturn, NASA SP-4206. From kelvin@autodesk.com]
(18) For a Motor Vehicle Engine to have the same power-to-weight ratio
as one Space Shuttle Main Engine, then it would only have to be the
size of your clenched fist. [SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(19) The Liquid Hydrogen Turbo-Pumps on a Space Shuttle Main Engine weigh
as much as a standard V8 Motor Vehicle engine, but output some 310
times the power. [SHUTTEL, Nigel MacKnight.]
(20) The Apollo 12 moon mission in 1969, following closely on the heels of
the Apollo 11 mission, was struck by a bolt of lightning just after
it left the launch pad.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(20a) Atlas-Centaur AC-67, launched on March 26, 1987, was hit by
lightning and started to deviate from it's planned course some
49-seconds after lift-off. Range Safety officials destroyed the
vehicle.
[Space Flight News, May 1987]
{If anyone has record of any-other lightning strike, then let
us know because it belongs here!}
(21) The VAB, where Space Shuttle components are assembled today, and
Saturn V components were assembled in the 60's and 70's,
occupies a ground area of 8 acres and boasts an internal
volume of 3,624,000 cubic metres (129,428,000 cubic feet!)
The structure was designed to withstand winds of 200km/h
(125 mph) and has a foundation that rests on more than 4200
steel pilings 40 cm (16 in) in diameter that each go to a
depth of 49 metres (160 ft) through bedrock. The building
has it's own internal weather!
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(22) There was an aluminium shed near launch pad 39A. It was roughly
50 yards away from the perimeter. It was a prefab
building and it wasn't determined whether it would stand up
to the first launch of the shuttle or not. After the first
launch of Columbia, the shed was reduced to a few pieces
of debris scattered across the ground.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(23) Noticeboard of Safety requirements inside the VAB:-
REMOVE PERSONAL ITEMS FROM THE UPPER POCKETS. WEAR BADGES
INSIDE SHIRT OR CARRY IN PANTS POCKET. REMOVE WATCHES AND
RINGS OR TAPE SAME. EYEGLASSES MUST BE TETHERED. ACCESS
RESTRICTED WITHIN THREE FEET OF VEHICLE-CONTACT ACCESS
CONTROL MONITOR. FOOD AND BEVERAGES PROHIBITED. FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS MUST BE APPROVED. NO HARD HATS ALLOWED.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(24) I worked at the Johnson Space Center, and during a material testing
procedure on Space Suit Assemblies I got to play with a heat-soaked
shuttle tile cube. It was a one-inch cube, and it was soaking in an
oven at about 1400F. We took it out of the oven with tongs and then
you could hold it by the edges, preferably the corners. You did not
want to touch the face of it - by minimizing the surface that you were
in contact with you could minimize the heat transfer.
It glows (visibly) just a little, but it sure shows up on
infrared Kokak slide film :-)
[From jgladu@bcm.tmc.edu]
(25) The Software programmes controlling the Shuttle's on-board computers
are the most sophisticated programmes ever developed for a
spacecraft, and contain over 500,000 IBM-written instructions. This is
twenty five times more than the programmes developed for the Saturn
launch vehicle which guided Apollo astronauts from launch, through
orbital insertion and into lunar trajectory.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(26) John F. Kennedy Space Centre, or KSC as it is more usually referred to,
is situated on Cape Canaveral. The operational areas are located
adjacent to Mosquito Lagoon. Visitor's soon find out that the
lagoon did not receive it's name frivolously, and that a reliable
brand of mosquito repellant can be worth it's weight in gold!
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(27) And then there are the Alligators at KSC. Many of the 'gators have
become quite tame, and some have developed the habit of clambering
out of the pond in front of KSC's large canteen facility to 'beg'
for scraps of food from the office workers who eat their lunch
outside on the lawn.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(27a) This is a big problem at KSC (Not "The Cape" as many call it...)
because alligators are REALLY stupid. They can't tell the difference
between a sandwich or your hand...In fact to them there IS no
difference. We are warned over & over in the "KSC bulletin" not to
feed them. Since KSC is a nature preserve, it is illegal to feed
the 'gators. If caught, you can be disciplined. When the alligators
lose their fear of humans, they are caught and moved to a remote part
of the preserve. If they come back the alligators are killed. Period.
[From HOLLIS@TITAN.KSC.NASA.GOV]
(28) The oxygen tank of the External Tank of the Space Shuttle
Transportation System occupies a small section at the front of the
tank, whilst the Hydrogen Tank occupies the rest below it. The
Hydrogen Tank is 2.5 times larger than the Oxygen tank, but weighs
only one-third as much when filled to capacity. This difference
comes about because liquid oxygen is some sixteen times more dense
than liquid hydrogen.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(29) The Crawler-Transporter, which carries the Space Shuttle, and
previously the Saturn series of launch vehicles from the VAB to
one of either launch pads 39A or 39B, is as wide as a 12 lane
highway.
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(30) There are eight sets of tracks on each Crawler Transporter - two in
each corner - and each set of tracks is comprised of fifty seven
segments weighing one-ton apiece. That totals up to over 450 tons
in track segments alone!
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(31) The Crawler Transporter isn't exactly good where fuel economy is
concerned. Travelling at the rate of a mere 1 mile per hour, it
guzzles fuel at the rate of of one gallon every twenty feet! Instead
of Miles per Gallon, it is measured in Gallons per Mile!
[SHUTTLE, Nigel MacKnight.]
(32) On July 20, 1969, Houston Mission Control put through the longest-
distance telephone call in history. It connected Richard Nixon to
the two astronauts, Armstrong and Aldrin, on the surface of the
moon.
[The Young Scientists Book of Spaceflight. Rigby Usborne]
(33) The Apollo Spacecraft, which carried astronauts to and from the Moon,
had nearly two million working parts. A large Motor Vehicle has less
than 3,000.
[The Young Scientists Book of Spaceflight. Rigby Usborne]
(34) Initially scheduled to be called "Constitution", the first Space
Shuttle orbiter, OV-101, was renamed "Enterprise" in deference to
"Star Trek" television series fans.
[Rockwell International Space Shuttle - Dennis R Jenkins]
(35) There is another unknown orbiter in the Space Shuttle fleet. Tagged
OV-098, the craft itself was named "Pathfinder". It's original role
was as a rough dimension-and-weight mock-up for practising de-orbit
operations on the run-way, and also to practise lifting and handling
the orbiter at various facilities (Shuttle Carrier Mate De-Mate,
VAB and OPF). The vehicle was heavily modified to eventually look
like the other orbiters for the "Great Space Shuttle Exposition"
scheduled for June 1983 to August 1984. The craft was returned to
MSFC and is on display today, with Filament wound boosters and
the tank used in the main propulsion tests (MPTA-ET) at the
Space and Rocket Center near Hunstville.
[Rockwell International Space Shuttle - Dennis R Jenkins]
(36) The Soviet Voskhod spacecraft, in follow-on to Vostok flights, was
essentially just a one-manned Vostok spacecraft. All three cosmonauts
launched in the spacecraft were without spacecsuits. Officially this
was reported to be because the Soviets were confident with the
spacecraft, but a quick calculation reveals that there would not
have been enough room for the three men if these spacesuits had been
included!
[The Soviet Manned Space Programme - Salamander Books]
(36a) The real trivia here I believe is the fact Korolevs engineers did
not want to make the modification believing it a bad idea, then
Korolev offered to fly one of the engineers on the first flight
and they accepted the mission, Feoktistov was the lucky engineer.
This was really part of Korolevs plans to get speciallists into
space to learn and stop all flights from being all military
pilots. Journalists were also selected for Voskhod missions.
[dennisn@comm.mot.com (Dennis Newkirk)]
(36b) This was repeated with Soyuz, stuffing three people without pressure
suits into a spacecraft designed for two with suits, resulting in the
deaths of the Soyuz-11 crew when the spacecraft vented its atmosphere
during reentry. After that all crews have worn pressure suits even
when (from Soyuz-12 to T-5) this reduced the crew size from three to
two.
[Mark Grant <mark@isltd.insignia.com>]
(37) The Soyuz spacecraft was initially designed by the Soviets for their
attempt at getting to the Moon before the Americans. But the orbital
Module of the Soyuz spacecraft was missing one vital component -
a transfer tunnel in the docking adapter. If it ever became necessary
to transfer crew or equipment to a Lunar orbiter or Lander, then
cosmonauts would have had to climb into suits and go into the
vacuum of space! The docking tunnel was added for later space-station
operations.
[The Soviet Manned Space Programme - Salamander Books]
(37a) The lunar module docking drouge was just a metal honeycomb type
crushable receptical for the LOK (lunar Soyuz) probe which just plunged
into the material and hung on. It's only used once per mission anyway.
[dennisn@comm.mot.com (Dennis Newkirk)]
(38) The EDO (Extended Duration Orbiter) toilet is indeed different from a
standard shuttle toilet. The standard shuttle toilet has a bowl that
is used to contail fecal wastes. The waste material is freeze dried
when it enters the bowl. The current toilet is able to support flights
of up to 13 to 14 days. Modifications to the toilet are expected to
increase this to about 16 days. The EDO toilet (This is the one making
all the headlines about cost overruns) has just had the qualification
unit complete its second flight. The 23 million dollars only produced
a qualification unit. NASA has not purchased any actual flight units
yet. The EDO toilet is different in that in place of the bowl there
is a canister that is used to collect fecal wastes. Each canister can
support 23 to 27 uses depending on what else the crew throws down there.
When the canister fills up, it is replaces with a fresh canister. The
drawbacks to this toilet are that the canisters require a lot of
storage space that is not required by the standard toilet. The
standard toilet has been in use since STS-1, while the EDO toilet
is undergoing testing on OV-105 only. The standard toilet must be
removed from the vehicle after each flight and returned to JSC for
cleaning and processing. The EDO toilet can remain in the vehicle
and thus saves processing time.
[From oliver@vf.jsc.nasa.gov. This item came about in the discussion
pertaining to the legitimacy of #5]
(39) Some western speculators, back when the Soviets were still in the race
to beat the US to the moon, were wondering what the Soviets would use
as a lunar lander, as they could not (until recently) find evidence
of a separate lunar lander vehicle. They came up with the concept
that an enhanced Soyuz, complete with landing legs, would be used
to land vertically on the surface of the moon, and even used the
re-positioning of the main hatch to verify this! This would mean
that a cosmonaut would have had to descend a ladder some 2 stories
high to get to the Lunar Surface!
[The Soviet Manned Space Programme - Salamander Books]
(40) In the early 80's, the soviets were flying small 'cosmos' experimental
vehicles which confounded international observers. Cosmos 1374,
launched in June of 1982, was recovered in the Indian Ocean. The
soviets issued a standard Cosmos-type announcement, failing to
include an orbital period, yet stating that the mission was a success.
The next similar flight, cosmos 1445, came nine months later. The
retrieval of this one, simlarly with 1374, was observed by the
Royal Australian Air Force, but in this case photographs were
released to the rest of the world, revealing that the soviets had
been testing a a small winged orbiter, with demensions of 3.4m
length, 1.4m fuselage diameter and a wingspan of 2.6m.
There are two more interesting notes. Firstly, Cosmos 1374, unlike
1445, did not have any identifying national markings, indicating
that the RAAF was an undexpected visitor to the retrieval area.
Secondly, the reovery ship (the Yamal) and apparently many members of
the the Soviet recovery team, were the same for both spacecraft
retrievals. There is one man with an identical head of Afro-styled
hair who appears in both photographic series of the retrieval
sequences, despite the two missions happening 285 days apart!
[The Soviet Manned Space Programme - Salamander Books. Peter
Pesavento, Correspondence to the BIS Spaceflight magazine, Sept 1991.]
(41) The soviets had a large Saturn V type booster in development for the
soviet manned assault on the Moon. This launcher was designated by
many names, namely by G-1 or G-1e in the west in early years, but
now as the SL-15 or N-1 booster). By mid 1966, US reconnaissance
satellites spotted test facilities under construction at Tyuratam. By
1968 static test models had been built and between March and April a
full sized version was moved from it's fabrication area to the launch
pad and back.
[The Rocket - David Baker - New Cavendish Books.]
(42) The attempts to launch the G-1/N-1/SL-15 soviet booster are:-
(a) February 21, 1969: The booster exploded 70 seconds after lift-off,
when a fire developed in the tail section of the rocket. The
booster was labelled 3L, and had an L-1 Zond Spacecraft.
(b) July 3, 1969: A liquid oxygen pump failed causing an explosion
that wrecked the launch site. Designated 5L, this booster is
assumed to have had the same payload and launch aim as the
first, namely to enter an orbit to the moon and attempt a
lunar flyby.
(c) July 21, (Or June 27?) 1971: The rocket fell back on the launch
pad causing more extensive damage.This launcher, designated 6L,
had a mock-up of the lunar module, lunar lander and escape
system.
(d) November 23, 1972: A fire developed in the engine compartment
close to the end of the 1st stage burn and the booster exploded
after 107 seconds of flight. Designated 7L, it had a proper
lunar orbit module and escape system and a mock-up lunar
landing module. It was planned this would be an Apollo 8
style, but unmanned, lunar flyby.
[BIS Spaceflight, June 1991 and June 1992]
(43) The one remaining G-1/N-1/SL-15 heavy lift booster (the fifth in the
series that were built), which did not get a chance to fly due to
the cancellation of the program, was partially converted
into a bandstand for a town close to the launch site.
[BIS Spaceflight, June 1991]
(43a) The 8L booster was nearing a 1974 launch date. Another booster
was also being readied, parts for more were on hand. All assembly
was done at Baykonur. There was growing confidence these boosters
would perform better since significant modifications were made
from the 4th launch onward.
[dennisn@comm.mot.com (Dennis Newkirk)]
(44) There were several things to mention about Helens Sharman's flight to
the MIR space station on May 18, 1991.:-
(a) Great Britain was the 22nd nation to fly a citizen into space
(b) Helen Sharman was the joint 248th person in space
(c) She was the 15th woman into space
(d) For the first time a nation's first space traveller was a woman.
(e) She was the first non-soviet, non-amerian woman into space.
(f) One record that was just missed: because the American Space
Shuttle Columbia was delayed from it's scheduled launch
date of May 22, the chance to set a new record or 4 women
in space simultaneously was lost. (This was sts-40, which
finally took off on June 5th.)
[BIS Spaceflight, July 1991]
(45) Gagarin's flight began under a cover of secrecy. Nobody except the
heads of Korolev's design bureau and the KGB knew of the place of
landing. The inhabitants of Saratov could not even have suspected
how close they were to the historic landing site.
But the secrecy wasn't complete. Skilled workers were required
to deal with measuring and other devices to dismantle them. These
workers were taken by KGB agents from one of the nearby plants. They
were told by the director of the plant that they were close to the
landing site of Vostok.
One of the workers had a camera and was able to take a clear
photograph of Vostok that wasn't released until 1991!
[BIS Spaceflight, August 1991. And they show the photo!]
(46) The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, developed to train US astronauts
on how to control the Lunar Lander for flights to the moon, was
a strange contraption built with a turbofan engine facing down
vertically in the centre to provide vertical thrust with a weight
distribution and throttle reaction time similar to that of the
real Lunar Lander. It was based around the early VTOL 'Flying
Bedsteads' developed to study the potential of Vertical Take-Off
and Landing for jet aircraft.
[Ed Henegveld, BIS Spaceflight, December 1992]
(47) Neil Armstrong had a close brush with death in a 'flying bedstead'
LLRV on May 6th, 1968, when the craft went out of control and he
was forced to eject. He landed by parachute and walked away without
injury!
[Ed Henegveld, BIS Spaceflight, December 1992]
(48) Yuri Gagarin, on the maiden launch of a man into space, landed in a
field some 26km south-west of the town of Engels in the Saratov
Region. In his orange flight-suit he approached a woman and a little
girl with a calf. The cosmonaut was asked if he came from space.
And of course he replied "As a matter of fact, I have!"
[Neville Kidger - BIS Spaceflight, April 1991]
(49) Compared with the desired profile, the edge of the mirror surface
of the primary mirror on the Hubble Space Telescope is too low by
0.002mm. This results in an error where the Light from the edges
of the mirror come to a focus about 38mm beyond where the innermost
rays converge.
[BIS Spaceflight, April 1991]
(50)The US Army Redstone missile has had a long and ditinguished service
record.
(a) A modified redstone, redesignated Jupiter C or Juno 1, sent into
space the United States first satellite - Explorer 1 - on
January 31, 1958.
(b) It was used for the first manned American spaceflights of Shepard
and Grissom in 1961.
(c)It was the first rocket to detonate an atomic weapon (Project
Hardtrack in 1958) above the Earth's surface.
(d) It was the launcher used in Project SPARTA, a joint
US/UK/Australia programme of re-entry research. The last of the
10 Redstones shipped to Australia for the project was used to
launch WRESAT, Australia's first satellite.
[Keith Scala, Michael Crowe, BIS Spaceflight, August 1991.]
(51) The first real watch to be worn in space (Yuri Gagarin had a timepiece
which was not a true Chronograph) was in July 1962, when Scott
Carpenter flew the Aurora 7 Mercury capsule.
[Alan A Nelson - BIS Spaceflight, April 1992]
(52) The Omega Speedmaster Professional, later to become standard issue
to all Gemini, Apollo and Skylab Astronauts, was first flown by
Wally Schirra aboard Sigma 7 in October 1962. This watch was later
known as the "Moon Watch" as it was the first watch worn on the Moon.
[Alan A Nelson - BIS Spaceflight, April 1992]
(53) The television series 'The Six Million Dollar Man' showed a terrible
aircraft accident at the beginning of each episode, supposedly
indicating how 'Steve Austin' was injured. The actual sequence was
of a real accident on May 10, 1967, when NASA test pilot Bruce
Peterson was fortunate to escape with his life in an experimental
aircraft known as the M2-F2 lifting body. This small craft was
part of a development to test the aerodynamics of small wingless
craft that could generate aerodynamic lift through the simple
shape of it's body. They came thundering down at incredible speeds,
and attribute much of the information that is required today for
the onc-attempt-only langings made by the Space Shuttle.
[Space Flight News, May 1986. (No longer Published.)]
(54) The Apollo 10 crew of Tom Stafford, John Young and Gene Cernan put
themselves in the record books by achieving the highest speed ever
attained by man - 24,790mph.
[Space Flight News, July 1986. (No longer Published.)]
(55) The Lunar Rover, as used on Apollo missions 15, 16 and 17, had a
lifetime of 78 hours, and could cover up to 92kms. It could carry
up to 400kg (Earth weight) - more than TWICE its own weight. (An
average family car can usually only carry half it's own weight). Fully
loaded it could climb a 25 degree slope, and on the flat it could
reach a top speed of 16km/hr. It would be an almost precise 1/6th
slow-motion replay of a car going 86km/h on Earth!
[Space Travellers Handbook, Michael Freeman, Sovereign Books.]
(56) A 'logical lock' was in use on the Vostok spacecraft to lock out any
actions that Yuri Gagarin might make in a panic. At that time, nobody
knew how a human would react to space, so the logical lock idea was
created. Yuri Gagarin had a small envelope in which the logical lock
code was written, and in order to use the controls he would have to
prove that he was capable of doing the simple task of reading the
combination and punching 3 of nine buttons.
[Space Flight News, November 1986. (No longer Published.)]
(57) There is a slide wire 'flying fox' type system at both launch
pads 39a and 39b that the astronauts can use in the event of
en emergency at the launch pad.
[Space Flight News, February 1987]
(58) At the base of the slide wire system used for emergency astronaut
escapes at pads 39a and 39b, is a modified military M113 tank
used to evacuate the atronauts and support personnel from the
vicinty of the launch pad in a protective environment. In
actual fact there are 3 tanks. One near the base of the
slide wire, one at the blast demarkation line some 4,485ft
from the launch pad, and another three miles away in the
hands another fire/rescure team.
[Space Flight News, February 1987]
(59) The military has a long history of starting and then dropping astronaut
and other manned programs - such as the Manned Orbiting Laboratory,
the Dyna-Soar, etc.
The latest one was the Manned Spaceflight Engineer program -
and it did succeed in getting two Air Force payload specialists onto
the Space Shuttle. Gary Payton (STS-51C) and Bill Pailes (STS-51J)
flew before the Challenger accident.
After Challenger the whole program was reconsidered and
the military decided to concentrate on unmanned launch vehicles. The
MSE program was disbanded and the people reassigned.
The person who had probably the best chance of flying next was
Kathy Roberts - but the Air Force dropped the program before she flew.
[from CHARLES D. PHILLIPS]
(60) The Johnson Space Center in Houston has two control rooms where
technicians can monitor the Shuttle's onboard systems. The original
control and display consoles in these rooms (dating back to the mid
1960's and the Gemini program) are still in use today. In the near
future these consoles will be replaced with modern computer
workstations.
[ Tour Guide, Johnson Space Center, Houston TX
from yantosca@bu-ast.bu.edu (Robert Yantosca)]
(61) Both of the control rooms at JSC have a viewing gallery behind a
wall of one-way glass. These viewing galleries are open to the public
on days when the Space Shuttle is NOT in orbit (for security reasons).
In fact, the galleries are closed to the public 24 hrs before launch
time. However, VIP's (the President, Senators, Congressmen, and
visiting dignitaries) occasionally are present to watch the progress
of a Shuttle mission from these galleries.
[Tour Guide, JSC from yantosca@bu-ast.bu.edu (Robert Yantosca)]
(62) The first time four spacecraft had ever been docked together cae on
22nd April, 1987, when the Russians had together Soyuz-TM2, Mir,
Kvant and Progress 29.
(I have the suspicion that this may have been surpassed by now with
the addition of other Mir modules. Could anyone provide
details on this?)
[Space Flight News - May 1987]
(63) On the first four flights of Columbia, there were only two crew
members, the Commander and the Pilot. Each was launched seated in a
modified version of the rocket ejection seat installed in the SR-71
'Blackbird'. This seat could safely eject them away from the Orbiter
in case the control system should malfunction and send it out of
control.
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, May 1987]
(64) Originally it was thought that the shuttle ejector system could be
used to eject from the launch configuration as long as the Shuttle
system was below 100,000 feet, but it was discovered later that
once the solid rocket motors were burning, a crewmember ejecting
would decend into the rocket plume.
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, May 1987]
(65) Crew safety concerns for the shuttle heightened when the results of
the ditching tests conducted at the U.S. Navy David Taylor Model
Basin become known. At the Taylor test facility, large-scale models
of the Orbiter were catapulted over a long water trough. They contacted
the water in attitudes and speeds simulating Orbiter ditching
conditions. No-one had ever ditched an airplane at the typical
landing speeds of the Shuttle and the results were disappointing.
When the model contacted the water in the fkat attitude that was
achieved with a normal landing speed of 200 knots, it would skip badly
and become airborne again. The second or third contact was usually
very violent, resulting in forces that woud totally destroy and
Orbiter.
When the model simulated the slower landing speeds made possible
by the delta-wing configuration, the nose-up attitude would cause the
body-flap to contact the water first, and the cockpit would pitch
down violently, slamming into the water.
One interesting test showed that if the orbiter approached with
the landing gear down, it would immediately turn into a 'submarine'
and dive straight to the bottom!
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, May 1987]
(66) On STS-5, there were 5 astronauts on board, but the two ejection seats
remained in place but were unarmed. It had been originally proposed
that the escape sequence would continue as follows:-
The astronaut seated in the centre seat on the flight-deck would
leave his seat and descend to the mid-deck if an emergency arose. The
three in the mid-deck would then don-parachutes, wait for the Commander
and Pilot to eject, and then climb through the two holes in the roof.
This was rejected quickly, as it was found that the control
wires would be severed in the roof after the ejection, and the orbiter
would definitely go out of control. Besides this, those that crawled
out would be brought around and slammed into the OMS pods on the
rear of the orbiter!
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, May 1987]
(67) Using a small setup of around 25-pounds worth of Radio equipment,
a teacher and a group of students at Kettering Grammar School,
England, were regularly keeping track of the Soviet 'eight day
wonders' - recoverable satellites in the cosmos series. In 1966,
differences in some of the orbits led to the discovery of a new
Soviet launch site that had previously been a closely guarded secret
of the USSR and the Pentagon. This site was christened in the west
as 'Plesetsk'. Nearly 20 years passed before the Soviet Union
publicly announced the existance of the site, and the Kettering
group were proud to hear that they maintained the same name.
[Space Flight News, May 1987]
(68) The kettering group, a small team of students and their teacher at
Kettering Grammar School, England, were keeping track of the Soviet
Soyuz-11 manned spaceflight. They received the signals of the
depressurization of the Soyuz module, and were keeping track of
the cosmonaut's heartbeats up until they lost contact. The capsule
would have landed within 30 minutes of this loss of signal, but
unfortunately all three cosmonauts were found dead. If they had
been wearing their space-suits at the time, they might have
survived.
[Space Flight News, May 1987]
(69) In the weightlessness of space, the antennae of the big Hughes Intelsat
6 spacecraft would be able to unfurl on their own, but during
Earthly tests the two larger antennae needed some help to defy
gravity. Engineers at Hughes Aircraft Company in El Segundo,
California, turned to Helium-filled ballons to perform the task!
[Space Flight News, June 1987]
(70) The current soviet spacesuit, used on-baord the MIR space station,
requires the cosmonaut to swing the back-pak around and step into it
from the back!
[Space Flight News, July 1987]
(71) Belive it or not, the final analysis showed that, although 'Columbia'
basically had about 30,000 separate tiles on it's exterior, they
installed - in the period from May '79 until it finally flew in
April '81 - a grand total of over 90,000 tiles!
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, July 1987]
(72) On STS-5, even though the commander and pilot ejector seats were
disarmed, those two astronauts had to wear the SR-71 harness-type
waistcoat in order to remain compatible with the seat!
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, July 1987]
(73) STS-5 was also the first time astronauts wore the now=familiar
pale-blue suits used before the Challenger accident. (This was
used in place of the SR-71 type flight-suits used on the first
4 flights.)
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, June 1987]
(74) The shears used by astronaut Joe Kerwin to sever the strap of debris
retaining the jammed solar wing on the Skylab Space station, were of a
type more usually employed for snipping barbed wire. Manufactured in
Missouri, they were purchased by NASA for the pricely sum of $75!
[Space Flight News, August 1987]
(75) Whilst the Shuttle was still in development, Fred Haise amd Jack Lousma
were scheduled to pilot STS-3 which was to have boosted Skylab back
into orbit. Alas, Skylab to down in Western Australia in 1979, 2 years
before the 1st flight of Columbia.
[Bob Overmyer, Space Flight News, October 1987]
(76) The Soviets have a long-standing custom of only calling their people
'Cosmonauts' after they have travelled in space. This conflicts with
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End of Space Digest Volume 16 : Issue 918
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